Ten years ago, European countries were closing refineries while Gulf oil states were building new ones. Now, many of these refineries have been damaged in the war between the U.S. and Israel, and Iran.
Fuel output from one of the biggest refining regions is not going to be coming back soon. Neither is full refining capacity from one of the world’s top fuel exporters, Russia. Earlier this week, the secretary-general of the International Energy Agency Fatih Birol warned that crude oil and natural gas prices will remain elevated next year as…